成語的英文翻譯方法

翻譯需要克服語言和文化的雙重障礙。就語言而言,最大的障礙莫過於原語中獨特的結構形式;就文化而言,莫過於獨特的民族特徵。如果獨特的語言形式又表現了民族性極強的思想內容,翻譯應變得更難了。漢語中的四字結構,正是一種獨特的語言結構形式,這種語言結構形式是我國人民在長期實踐和認識過程中提煉出的語言結晶,不但結構工整緊湊,具有很強的表現力,令人讀之悅目,聽之悅耳,而且從結構形式上來看,在英語語言中一般找不到相應地的表達方式,從所表達的意義來看,又深深地植根於民族文化之中,具在極強的民族性。因而,在漢譯英時如何將它們正確無誤地翻譯成英語,對我們中國學生來講的確是一個很大的困難。

漢語的四字結構大多爲成語,但也有一般性的四字表達方式。

成語

成語是漢語詞彙中特有的一種長期沿習使用的`固定短語,它們的來自於古代經典或著名著作,歷史故事片和人們的口頭流傳,意思是精闢,往往隱含於字面意義這中,不是其構成成分意義的簡單相加,具有意義的整體性。成語的結構緊密,一般不能任意變動詞序,抽換或增減其中的成分,具有結構上的凝固性。其形式以四字格居多。也有少量三字格和多字格的形式。

漢語成語具有比喻豐富,形象生動的特點,給人一種生動傳神,淋漓盡致的感覺。另外,漢語成語學有言簡意賅,琅琅上口的特點,既簡潔,又富有文采,是讀者所喜聞樂見的表達方式。成語好比一面鏡子,它反映出一個民族或一個文化的特點。1. 褒貶

同一詞彙,在漢英兩種語言中褒貶不一。例如“狗”字在漢語成語中通常含有貶義,而在英語中卻不同。請看以下例子:

狐朋狗 友:比喻不正派的朋友。a gang of scoundrels/a pack of rogues.例如:你也別過於相信那些狐朋狗 友。

狗急跳牆:把狗惹急了,能跳越高牆。比喻壞人窮途末路時不計後果,鋌而走險。A cornered beast will do something desperate/A cornered beast will do something/just as a dog will leap over a wall in desperation. 例如:困獸猶鬥,敵人在瀕臨滅亡的時候,會狗急跳牆的,我們要加倍提高警惕。

狼心狗肺:形容心腸狠毒,多就忘恩負義者而言。be as cruel as a wolf/cruel and unscrupulous/brutal and cold-blooded/completely without conscience/heartless and ungrateful/rapacious as a wolf and savage as a cur/the heart of a (wild)beast; wicked-hearted /with the heart of a wolf。例如:哪知這賊子恁般狼心狗肺,負義忘恩!

狗苟蠅營(蠅營狗苟):像狗似的無恥,像蒼蠅那樣逐臭,比喻到處鑽營,而手段卑劣。ingratiate oneself with someone to gain one’s ends.例如:到底狗苟蠅營,依然逃不了對明燭照。——《孽海花》

狗膽包天:斥責別人膽子太大,敢於胡作非爲的人。 have monstrous audacity.例如:你狗膽包天!竟敢繼續煽動大家。

望子成龍:盼望兒子成長爲有出息,有作爲的人。expect one’s son to be talent/hope one’s son will turn out a dragon.例如:他望子成龍心切。

而在英語習語中,“dog”一詞常用來比喻人的行爲,通常是沒有貶義的。如:You are a lucky dog. (你是個幸運兒。) Every dog has his day. (凡人皆有行意日。) Old dog will not learn new tricks.(老人學不了新東西。)等等。

再如:“龍”字在漢語中是中國人的象徵。它的英語對應詞是“dragon”,而“dragon”的意思卻是 a mythical monster traditionally represented as a gigantic reptile having a lion’s claws, the tail of a serpent, wings, and a scaly skin(龍是一種傳說中的怪物,一般被描述成有獅爪,蛇尾,翅膀及帶鱗的皮膚);a fiercely vigilant or intractable person (嚴密警戒的人;相當警惕或難以駕馭的人); something very formidable or dangerous (可怕的或危險的東西); any of various lizards, such as the Komodo dragon or the flying lizard(蜥蜴的一種,如巨蜥或飛蜥)。

2. 歷史典故

漢英兩種語言中還有大量由歷史典故形成的習語。這些習語結構簡單,意義深遠,往往是不能從單詞字面意義去理解和翻譯的。例如漢語中:

東施效顰:《莊子·天運》中故事。blind imitation with ludicrous effect/ play the ape/ look all the uglier by mimicking the beauty.

葉公好龍:professed love of what one actually fears/ like Lord Ye claimed to be found of dragons but was mortally afraid of them.

夜郎自大:ludicrous conceit of the king of Yelang-parochial arrogance

班門弄斧:display one’s slight skill before an expert.

名落孫山:fail in a competitive examination/ be flunked.

歷史典故是最具民族特色的,漢語是這樣,英語也是如此。典故通常是不能按照字面對譯的,典故通常要採取意譯或解釋或加註釋的辦法來翻譯。例如英語中的"John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.”中國讀者看了,就不知所云。“eat no fish”是英語裏的一個典故,是表示“忠誠”的意思。而“play the game”的意思是(比賽,遊戲中)按規則做;正直誠實,光明正大。因此,上句可譯成,“約翰爲人可靠,他既忠誠又老實”。

3. 共性成語

一敗塗地: meet one’s waterloo/ bite the ground/hunt grass/suffer a crushing defeat.

趁熱打鐵: strike while the iron is hot/Hold a wolf the iron is hot.

熟能生巧: Skill comes from practice/ Practice makes perfect.

揮金如土: spend money like water/squander money like dust.

破釜沉舟: burn one’s boats/burn one’s bridge /throw away the scabbard.

雪中送炭: to offer fuel in snowy weather./help in one’s hour of need.

一人得道,雞犬升天: Even the dog swaggers when its master win favor.

瓜田李下: in a melon patch or a plum tree—in suspicious circumstances or surroundings/Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch, nor your hat under a plum tree.

非成語

移步換景: a different view with every step/take a step and the scenery will chang

曲徑通幽: a winding path leading to a secluded place

詩情畫意: poetic lyricism and picturesque concept

金碧輝煌: in splendid colours

阡陌縱橫,雞犬相聞,風和日麗,鳥語花香的一片新天地: a new land with crisscrossed fields, bright sunshine, gentle breeze, cocks crowing, dogs barking, birds singing and flowers blooming

另外,在廣告用語中,四字結構用得更多,例如:

典雅大方: elegant and graceful

香濃可口: aromatic character and agreeable taste

軟硬適中: neither too hard nor too soft

大補無氣: reinforce vital energy

暢銷全球: sell well all over the world

花色繁多: a wide selection of colors and designs

用料上乘: selected material

甜而不膩: agreeable sweetness

安心益氣: make one feel at ease and energetic

交貨及時: timely delivery guaranteed

品種迭出: New varieties are introduced one after anther.

隨意小酌: Light snakes are ready on request

老少良伴: Good companies for children as well as for adults.

旅遊勝地: a tourist stand

經驗獨特: Experience is out copyright.

鮮花美人,傾訴衷腸: Flowers by beauty speak from the heart.

隨意挑選,保君滿意: choose once and choose well

體積雖小,頗具功效: compact impact

一夫當關,萬夫莫開: One warrior deployed in the pass makes thousands of burglars loose heart.

三心二意,照樣釣魚: For all your double-mindedness, fishing goes on just the same.

(操作)簡單: It’s simple.

用途廣泛: It’s versatile.

(複印)迅速: It’s fast.

圖文清晰: It’s intelligent.

功能齊全: It’s powerful.

名副其實: It’s everything a copier philosophy should be.

琳琅滿目: a superb collection of beautiful things/wide choice.總之,不論是四字成語,還是非成語,應注意以下原則:

1. 形象性原則。

2. 簡練性原則

3. 不可濫用字面意義直譯法

4. 儘量少用意譯法和直譯法——註釋法