I．目的和要求
1. 學習和掌握以下單詞和習慣用語
1) 單詞
coal; attend; issue; summarise; content; introduction; representative; killer; access; violence; premier; stress; equality; fairness; responsibility; willingness; harmony; suffering; unfair; wipe; worldwide; alternative; defend; incorrect; affect; advise
2) 習慣用語
take notes; the United Nations; the World Health Organization; take action; air conditioner; in harmony with; wipe out; advise sb (not) to do sth.
2. 功能意念項目
學會用英語談論自然和生態環境。
3. 語法
1）複習學過的虛擬語氣；
2）倒裝。
4. 語言運用
運用所學語言,圍繞自然和生態環境這一題材,完成教科書和練習冊中規定的聽、說、寫的任務;閱讀課文 “Welcome to the Earth Summit”, 確切理解並完成有關課文內容和練習; 練習寫一篇明確闡述個人觀點和建議的評價性短文。
II．方法：
1. 單詞和習慣用語的用法
1）attend vt. 出席；上（大學等）； 照料
例： Only 12 people attended the meeting. 只有12個人參加了會議。
Please let us know if you are unable to attend. 如果你不能參加請告知我們。
I am the first child in my family to attend college. 我是家中第一個上大學的孩子。
On his deathbed the General was attended by several doctors. 將軍臨終前有幾個醫生在照顧。
2）summarize vt. & vi. 概括；總結
例： The authors summarize their views in the introduction. 作者們在導言中概括了他們的觀點。
Your final paragraph should summarize the main points of your essay. 你論文的最後一段應該總結一下你的觀點。
summary n. 摘要；概要
3）content n. （書、報紙等的）內容，目次，目錄;
例： "It is advisable to look at the contents page of a book, before buying it." 買書前最好是先看一看目錄。
含量;
the content of silver in a ton of ore 一噸礦砂中銀的含量
(pl) 內容；所容之物;
The contents of the box fell onto the floor. 這個盒子裏的東西掉到地上了。
adj. 滿足的；滿意的；甘願的
She is content with very little. 她易於滿足。
（常與to連用）滿足於…的
The old couple seem content to sit in front of the television all night. 老夫婦倆似乎整夜坐在電視機前就心滿意足了。
vt. 使（人或自己）滿足；使滿意；使安心
Nothing contents her, she is always complaining. 沒有什麼能使她滿意，她總是抱怨。
We should never content ourselves with a little book knowledge only. 我們切不可滿足於僅僅有一點點書本知識。
be content to do sth. 樂於做某事
be content with 沉迷［滿足］於
to one's heart's content 心滿意足， 盡情地
content oneself with 滿足於， 對...感到滿足
4）introduction n. 序言；介紹；引進；採用
例：The introduction of new advanced techniques in the factory is under discussion today. 在工廠採用新的先進技術的問題是今天的議題。
foreign words of recent introduction 新傳入的外國字
a letter of introduction 介紹信
Introduction to Radio 《無線電入門》
5）representative n. 代表；典型；議員
例：The representatives were all amazed by what had happened in the factory. 代表們聽了這個工廠裏發生的事都感到驚愕。
adj. 有代表性的；典型的
a representative collection of ancient Greek art 古希臘藝術代表作品集
6）access n. 接近；進入；接近的方法；到達的權利
例：There is no access to the street through that door. 穿過那個門沒有通向大街的路。
The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track. 到那座古老城堡去的唯一通道是一條泥濘小路。
Students need access to books. 學生需要使用書本。
Access to the papers is restricted to senior management. 文件的使用權只限於高級管理者。
a man of easy access 易於接近的人, 平易近人的人
The only access to the town is across the bridge. 到鎮上唯一的通路是經過一座橋。
Citizens may have free access to the library. 市民可以自由使用圖書館。
7）stress vt. 着重；強調
例：The report stressed that student math skills need to improve. 報告強調學生的數學技能需要提高。
Crawford stressed the need for more housing downtown. 科勞福德着重指出了城區住房的更大需求。
She stressed the importance of a balanced diet. 她強調了平衡飲食的重要性。
n. 壓力, 緊迫, 困難; 【語】重音, 重讀;
under the stress of poverty 在貧困的壓力下
time of stress 危難之際, 非常時期
Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English. 講英語時重音及節奏都很重要。
We must lay stress on self reliance. 我們必須強調自力更生。
Give stress to the 2nd syllable. 重讀第二音節。
Worry over his job and his wife's health put him under a great stress. 憂慮自己的工作及妻子的健康問題使他陷於過分的緊張中。
8）take action 採取行動；take notes 記筆記；take effect見效, 生效；開始發生作用；
take exercise做體操, 做健身活動；take farewell 告別, 辭行；take ground佔領陣地
(飛機)着陸；take notice 注意；take office 就職；take steps 採取措施
9）put an end to 結束； put an end to 結束；bring sth. to an end 結束；
come to an end 結束；make (both) ends meet收支相抵；
10）affect vt. 影響；感動；（疾病）侵襲
例：Smoking affects health. 吸菸影響健康。
He was deeply affected by my words. 他聽了我的話很受感動。
be affected by heat [cold] 中暑[着涼]
詞義辨析：affect effect influence
作爲動詞, 都含“影響”的意思。
affect 指“產生的影響之大足以引起反應”,着重“影響”的動作, 有時含有“對...產生不利影響”的意思, 如:
This article will affect my thinking. 這篇文章將會影響我的思想。
effect 指“實現”、“達成”,着重“造成”一種特殊的效果, 如:
This book effected a change in my opinion. 這本書使我的看法起了變化。
influence 指“通過說服、舉例等對行動、思想、性格等產生不易覺察到的,潛移默化的影響”, 如:
Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine. 在一位中學生物教師的影響下, 他從事醫學研究。
2. 語言要點
1）According to the World Health Organization, the big three cause more than seven million deaths every year. 據世界衛生組織統計，三大殺手每年致死七百萬人。
death: [countable] a particular case when someone dies 死亡人數；死亡案例
We should take action to reduce the number of traffic deaths. 我們應該採取措施減少交通事故死亡人數。
2）Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths. 只是空氣污染就導致近三百萬人死亡。
此句相當於 Only air pollution causes almost three million deaths. alone相當於only, 但alone置於被修飾的名詞或代詞的後面。再如：
Julie alone knew the truth. 只有朱莉知道真相。
3）If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create. 如果我們打算成功地發展世界，我們必須確保每一個人都能夠加入到我們建設的這個新世界中來。
（1）be ＋不定式：這種結構表示計劃，安排或用來徵求意見。
The highway is to be opened in May.
Am I to take over his work？
（2）be going to ＋動詞原形：這種結構表示“決定，打算要做什麼事，或有跡象表明即將發生，可能會出現什麼情況”。
I am going to buy a new coat this winter.
There is going to be a storm.
（3）be about ＋不定式：這種結構表示即將發生的動作，句中不可以用表示未來時間
的狀語。
The talk is about to begin.(正)
The talk is about to begin soon.(誤)
4）Among the speakers was China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world. 在會上發言的人中就有強調世界上需要平等和公正的中國當時的總理朱鎔基。
then adj. being so at that time, 當時的
又如：the then chairman of the board. 當時的委員會主席
5）Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others. 相對富裕的國家有盡力幫助貧窮國家的責任。
這個句子是一個省略句，即：Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can do to help others. 動詞不定式 to help others 是目的狀語。
6）Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one. 如果知道空調能造成這麼大的污染，我怎麼也不會買的。
這是一個含有虛擬語氣的句子。虛擬條件句中省略了If, 構成了倒裝句。
7）Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation. 直到我們瞭解了更多，我們才能夠改善這種狀況。
這是一個倒裝句，因爲否定詞not 位於句首。其正常語序應該是：We will not be able to improve the situation until we know more.
8）A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act. 對環境的更好更深入的理解是必要的，是我們行動的內驅力。
這個句子是一個由as 引導的非限定性定語從句。
3. 語法說明：
1）虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)
概念：虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀意願或假想，所說的是一個條件，不一定是事實，或與事實相反。
在條件句中的應用：
條件句可分爲兩類，一類爲真實條件句，一類爲非真實條件句。非真實條件句表示的是假設的或實際可能性不大的情況，故採用虛擬語氣。
（一）真實條件句
真實條件句用於陳述語氣，假設的情況可能發生。
時態關係
句型： 條件從句 主句
一般現在時 shall/will+動詞原形
If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例題
The volleyball match will be put off if it_______.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真實條件句主句爲將來時，從句用一般現在時。
注意：
（1）在真實條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall, will.
(錯) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(對)If you leave now, you will never regret it.
（2）表示真理時，主句謂語動詞不用shall(will)+動詞原形，而直接用一般現在時的動詞形式。
（二）非真實條件句
（1）時態：可表示過去、現在和將來的情況。其基本特點時態退後。
a. 同現在事實相反的假設。
句型： 條件從句 主句
一般過去時 should(would)+動詞原形
If they were here, they would help you.
b. 表示與過去事實相反的假設。
句型： 條件從句 主句
過去完成式 should(would)have+過去分詞
If he had come yesterday, I should have told him about it.
含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示對將來的假想
句型： 條件從句 主句
一般過去時
were+不定式 should(would)+動詞原形
should+動詞原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right
（2）混合條件句
主句與從句的動作發生在不同的時間，這時主、從句謂語動詞虛擬語氣形式因時間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
(從句與過去事實相反，主句與現在事實相反。)
If it had rained last night(過去)，it would be very cold today(現在).
（3）虛擬條件句的倒裝
虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略，再把were, should 或had 移到從句句首，實行倒裝。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：
在虛擬語氣的從句中，動詞 ‘be’的過去時態一律用 “were”。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right.
典型例題
_______ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個詞，通常將if省略，主語提前，變成were, should, had+主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可說Were I not to do. ,而不能Weren’t I to go.
（4）特殊的虛擬語氣詞：should
① suggest/order/command/propose/demand/insist/require/ request… + that … (should) do
② the suggestion that … (should) do
③ This suggestion is that …(should) do
④ It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/insisted … + that … (should) do
⑤ It is necessary/important/natural/strange… + that … (should) do
⑥ It is a pity/ a shame, no wonder… + that … (should) do
在賓語從句中的應用
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞後面的從句中。
order, suggest, insist … + (should) do
---I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.
---He insisted that he(should)be sent there.
注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建議”或“堅持要某人做某事時”，即它們用作 “暗示、表明”、“堅持認爲”時，賓語從句用陳述語氣。
---The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
---Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
---I insisted that you were wrong.
在表語從句、同位語從句中的應用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名詞後面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即(should)+動詞原形。
My idea is that we (should)get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
（5）wish的用法
用於wish 後面的從句，表示與事實相反的情況，或表示將來不太可能實現的願望。其賓語從句的動詞形式爲：
wish + (that) … did/were …(現在時：從句與主句動作同時發生)
wish + (that) … had done …(過去時：從句動作先於主句動作)
wish + (that) … would/could do (將來時：從句動作於主句動作之後)
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一樣高。
He wished he hadn’t said that. 他希望他沒講那樣的話。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
（6）if only
if only 表示“如果就好了”。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 當時鬧鐘響了，就好了。
if only也可用於陳述語氣。
If only he comes early. 但願他早點回來了。
only if 表示“只有”:
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我纔會醒。
（7）It is (high) time that …
It is (high) time that 後面的從句謂語動詞要用過去式或用should加動詞原形，但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
（8）虛擬語氣在其他狀語從句中的用法
在as if引導的狀語從句中，用過去式表示與現在事實不符，用過去完成式表示與過去事實不符；在so that，in order that引導的狀語從句中，常用should/would/could/might+動詞原形來表示虛擬語氣。如：
They talked as if they had been friends for years．
She stayed at home for a few days so that she could take care of her mother．
（9）would rather sb did/had done …
(would rather do)
---I’d rather stay at home than go out.
---He’d rather you came on Friday.
2）倒裝
在英語中最基本的語序是“主語 + 謂語 + 其他”，即：Who + do + what + how + where + when， 而且這個語序還十分固定。如果把主語後面的某一部分提到它前面，就是倒裝（Inversion）。沒有按照正常順序排列句子成分，叫廣義倒裝。如果把謂語動詞全部或部分放在主語的前面，叫狹義倒裝。我們這裏討論的就是後者。如果謂語動詞全部放到主語前面（主要適用於一般現在時和一般過去時，其他時態不能使用）叫完全倒裝。如果助動詞或是情態動詞放在主語前面，行爲動詞放在主語後面，叫部分倒裝。
e.g. In came the headmaster, followed by a group of teachers. (完全倒裝)
校長走了進來，後面跟着一羣老師。
There goes the bell. (完全倒裝)
Never shall I do that again. (部分倒裝)
注：副詞、介詞短語和直接引語在句首使用全部倒裝。
（一）倒裝的意義
1. 適應一定語法結構的需要，主要是指表達疑問句結構的需要。
e.g. How can I get to the railway station?
2. 爲了強調某一部分，而把這部分放在了句首，引起倒裝。
e.g. Only in this way can we learn English well.
So early did he come to school that no other children came.
3. 爲了保持句子平衡。
e.g. Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.
“ Me, too,” said the boy anxiously.
（二）英語倒裝的幾種情況
（1）在疑問句中
e.g. How are you getting along with your work?
Is this report written in detail?
注：如疑問句作主語或者作定語修飾主語時，不發生倒裝。
（2）在There be 及其類似結構中。There be +主語+地點。其中動詞be也可以是其他詞，如lie, stand等。
e.g. There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table.
There in Greece lived a famous thinker, named Aristotle.
There seems to be still some elements undiscovered yet.
There stands a bridge across the river.
（3）在表示祝願的句子中
e.g. Long live the People’s Republic of China!
May you succeed!
（4）在省略if的虛擬語氣條件狀語從句中
這類句子中有were, had, should 等詞時，把were, had 或should置於句首。
e.g. Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.
Should he be here next week, he would help us with the problem.
（5）在so, nor, neither 或no more 開頭句子中
① 用於so 開頭的句子，表示重複前面相同內容，意爲“也怎麼樣”。另外，在結果狀語從句句型so…that…中，如果so… 放在句首，主句需要部分倒裝。
e.g. I often go out for a walk after supper. So does she.
So excited was she at the news that she couldn’t say a word.
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.
So mush does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night
注：在該結構中，“so + 形容詞”是表語前置；“so + 副詞”是狀語前置。.
② 用於nor, neither開頭的句子，表示重複前面內容，“也不…”。
e.g. Li Lei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.
If you don’t wait for him, nor shall I.
（6）帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語有：not, never, seldom, scarcely, rarely, barely, little, few, hardly, nowhere, nobody, in on way , on no account, at no time, not only…but also…, not once, under no condition, hardly…when, no sooner…than…等
e.g. Little did I think he is a spy.
Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I entered the room than the phone rang.
Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it .
Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.
（7）當句首狀語爲表示地點方位的介詞詞組時，句子倒裝。
e.g. Round the corner walked a large policeman.
Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
West of the lake lies the famous city.
（8）“某些副詞+不及物動詞+主語” 的句式，或當句首狀語爲方位詞或擬聲詞，謂語動詞爲go, come 等表示位置轉移時需要全部倒裝。常用的副詞主要有：here, there, now, then, out, in, down, up, away等，表示強調。主語是代詞時，不必倒裝。
e.g. Up went the plane.
In came the chairman and the meeting began.
Out rushed the boy.
Down came the brown wave.
Here is a ticket for you .
Now comes your turn.
注：如果主語是代詞則不發生倒裝。
e.g. Out they rushed!
Lower and lower he bent.
（9）only 放在句首，強調狀語（副詞，介詞短語或狀語從句等），語序要部分倒裝。
e.g. Only in this way can we get in touch with them.
Only because he was ill was he absent from school.
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing
(10) 在as though 引導的讓步狀語從句中，一般將形容詞，副詞或名詞等置於句首。
e.g. Small as the atom is, we can smash it.
Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.
(11) 如果直接引語後註明是什麼人說的，而且主語是名詞時，需要完全倒裝；主語是代詞時，一般不用倒裝。
e.g. “Let’s go!” said the captain.
“Take off your boots!” ordered the guard.
“What do you mean?” he asked.
(12) 在強調錶語時
e.g. Worst of all were the humiliations.
Such is the case.
(13) 在強調賓語時
e.g. Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.
Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.
注：當前置賓語由“not a +名詞”或者“not a single +名詞”構成時，也會引起倒裝。
e.g. Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel.
