語法點撥
一、被動語態概述
語態是動詞的一種形式，用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關係。英語的語態共有兩種：主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態是動詞的一種特殊形式，一般說來，只有需要動作對象的及物動詞纔有被動語態。漢語往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來表示被動意義。如：
They didn’t offer Ann the job. （主動語態）
Ann wasn’t offered the job. （被動語態）
安沒得到這份工作。
二、被動語態的構成
被動語態由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。被動語態的時態變化只改變be的形式，過去分詞部分不變。疑問式和否定式的變化也如此。
1、被動語態的時態較常見的八種形式
現以動詞clean爲例列表說明：
2、被動語態的句式變化：
以一般現在時和動詞invite爲例，列表說明被動語態的句式變化：
3、含有情態動詞的被動語態
情態動詞的被動語態結構爲：情態動詞+be+過去分詞；其時態及句型的變化僅由情態動詞完成，“be+過去分詞”部分不變。如：
Tables can be made of stone. 桌子可由石頭製造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那時桌子可由石頭製造。（一般過去時）
Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石頭製造嗎？（疑問句）
三、被動語態的用法：
1、不知道或沒有必要指出誰是動作的執行者。
The old bridge was built many years ago. 這座古橋是許多年前建造的。
He was elected chairman.他被選爲主席。
2、強調動作的承受者。
動作的執行者由by引導置於謂語動詞之後，也可省略。
Your plan is considered to be the best. 你的計劃被認爲是最好的。
3、動作的執行者是無生命的事物。
The window was blown by wind.窗戶被風吹開了。
The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整個村莊都被洪水沖走了。
4. 避免更換主語，如：
Once a promise is made, it shouldn’t be broken. 諾言一旦許下，就不能違背。
Mothers love their children and children are sure to love their mothers.
母親愛孩子，孩子當然也愛母親了。
5. 使句子保持平衡，如：
The lecture will be made by Joe Smith, who is a young artist from the States.
（Joe Smith有一個非限定性定語從句，所以後置）
四、主動語態變爲被動語態
轉換圖示：
1、主動語態變爲被動語態的步驟：
（1）將主動句的賓語變爲主語，如果主動句的賓語是代詞，需變爲主格。如：
（2）將動詞改爲“be+過去分詞”，be與新主語的人稱和數一致，時態不變。
（3）將主動語態的主語前加by放在謂語動詞後，如果原主語是代詞，要變爲賓格。
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held（by them）yesterday.
他們昨天開會了。 昨天舉行了一個會議。
They won’t forgive me. → I won’t be forgiven by them.
他們不會原諒我的。 我不會被他們原諒的。
2、主動語態變爲被動語態的注意事項：
（1）主動句中的主語如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人們”、“大家”等，
變爲被動句時，通常刪去“by…”，除非強調原主語。如：
They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975.
這所醫院建於1975年。
Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成這項工作。→
The job can be finished only by him.這項工作只能由他來完成。
（2）含有雙賓語，即直接賓語和間接賓語的句子，每個賓語都可變爲被動語態的主語，即其被動語態
有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語作主語。
Jack told us the truth.傑克告訴了我們真相。
We were told the truth by Jack.
The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
（3）含有賓語+賓語補足語的句子，變成被動句後原來的賓語補足語就成了主語補足語了；
注意：不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語時，變成被動時要加上to。
I heart Emily sing the song just now.
→ Emily was heard to sing the song just now.
我剛纔聽見艾米莉唱這首歌了。
（4）含有賓語從句的主動句變爲被動句，通常用it作爲被動結構的先行主語，把賓語從句後置。
We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
It has been determined that the plan should be carried out soon.
我們決定這項計劃必須馬上實施。
（5）雙重被動結構：
當某人或物成爲兩次動作的承受者時，要用雙重被動結構。如：
Parents often ask their children to do too much homework.
The children are often asked to do too much homework.
Too much homework is often asked to be done by the children.
五、各種時態的被動語態舉例（以動詞do爲例）
1．一般現在時（am/ is/ are +done）
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 學生們每天都打掃教室。
2．一般過去時(was/ were +done)
My bike was stolen last night. 我的自行車昨天被偷了。
When was the book introduced to China? 這本書什麼時候引入中國的？
3．一般將來時與過去將來時(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一個演講。
I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我認爲將有數千人得到幫助。
4．現在進行時與過去進行時(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天這時，機器正在被修理。
The problem is being discussed now. 問題正在被討論。
A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一輛公共汽車。
5．現在完成時(have/ has been + done)
Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到現在爲止，已經種了二百棵樹了。
The book has been read many times by me. 這本書已經被我讀了許多遍了。
Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict.
在衝突中已經有幾名士兵被殺害。
6．過去完成時(had been+done)
They said they had been invited to the party. 他們說已經被邀請參加晚會了。
She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她發現房子已經被暴風雨摧毀。
He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.
他在去世前已經被疾病折磨很多年了。
六、高頻考點：
1. 動詞的主動形式表示被動之意
1）某些連繫動詞，如：look, feel, smell，sound, prove等。
The flower smells sweet.這花聞起來很香。
Maria proves very patient and warm-hearted. 瑪麗亞被證明很耐心、很熱心。
2）表示主語內在“品質”或“性能”的某些動詞，雖然可以是及物動詞，但這時用作不及物動詞，
如：lock, shut, close, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, draw, cut,
translate, burn, run, ride, begin, end, operate等。
The sentences translate hard. 這些句子很難譯。
The door won’t shut. 這個門關不上。
3）某些動詞用在句型“主+謂+主補”時，如wear，blow，prove等。
The door blew open. 門被吹開了。
2. 不用於被動語態的動詞
有些動詞用於被動語態，如happen，cost，take，have (有)，own，possess, want (缺乏)。
An accident happened yesterday. 昨天發生了一起事故。
One should possess courage, determination and wisdom. 人要擁有勇氣、決心和智慧。
3. “動詞+反身代詞”結構與“be+過去分詞”結構
注意下面短語：
devote oneself to (獻身於) seat oneself (就坐) dress oneself (穿衣),
amuse oneself (自娛自樂) lose oneself (迷路) prepare oneself for (做好心理準備),
concern oneself about (擔心)
這些短語經常用被動結構表示主動意義。
They were seated in the front of the hall. 他們在大廳前部就坐。
He was concerned about his work. 他擔心他的工作。
All my students are well prepared for the test. 我的學生都爲考試做好了準備。
His mother is dressed in white at the party. 他的媽媽在宴會上穿着白色衣服。
4. be done與get done
1）現代英語特別是口語中常用“get + 過去分詞”表示被動語態。
2）“get + 過去分詞”只表示動作，而“be+過去分詞”既可表動作，也可表狀態。
They have been married for ages. 他們結婚多年了。（不能用get married）
They got married last month. 他們上個月結婚了。
3）經過安排、考慮的動作用“be+過去分詞”；出乎意料時用“get+過去分詞”。
How did the painting get damaged? 這幅畫什麼時候被損壞的？
4）“be+過去分詞”是單純的被動意義，而“get+過去分詞”可以暗示主語對動作的發生有一定的責
任，含有某種主動意味。
His team got beaten again though they had tried their best.
雖然他們盡了全力，他的隊還是輸了。
5. 幾個被動語態常用習慣用法：
We’re determined to set up an eco-laboratory. 我們決定建立一個生態實驗室。
My time was occupied with children. 我的時間都用在了孩子們身上。
I’m very interested in fine arts. 我對美術非常感興趣。
Where was your grandfather born? 你祖父的出生地是哪裏？
I was graduated from that university ten years ago. 我十年前從那所大學畢業。
My hometown is situated in the south of China. 我的家鄉在中國南部。
6．It is said/ reported/believed, etc. + 從句的變化：
“It is said/ reported/believed, etc. + 從句”表示據說/據報道/據信......，此句型可以變成從句主語作主語的句型：sb. ＋be said/ reported/believed, etc. +不定式。如果原來從句的謂語動作已經完成，不定式用完成式；如果從句的謂語動作是經常性動作或還沒有完成，用不定式的一般式。
It is said that James is an expert on DNA. = James is said to be an expert on DNA.
人們說詹姆斯是個DNA專家。
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. =
The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
據說這個男孩已經通過了這次全國性的測試。
鞏固練習
Ⅰ. 單項選擇
1. In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the
words _________. (2010 北京)
A. are dropped B. drop C. are being dropped D. have dropped
2. Experiments of this kind _______ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second
World War.（2011 北京）
A. have conducted B. have been conducted
C. had conducted D. had been conducted
3. He_____________some pieces of advice, but he__________to them.
A. gave, didn’t listen B. was given, wasn’t listened
C. give, wasn’t listened D. was given, didn’t listen
4. This coastal area ______ a national wildlife reserve last year. (2010 湖南)
A．was named B．named C．is named D．names
5. A lot of tall buildings______________in his hometown in the last three years.
A. have set up B. have been set up C. were set up D. set up
6. They ______________printing 500 copies by the end of last month.
A. had finished B. have finished C. had been finished D. have been finished
7. Great changes______________place. Many new schools ______________.
A. have taken, have been opened B. take, are open
C. are taken, open D. have been taken, are opened
8. We can’t use the bridge now, because it______________.
A. has been repaired B. is repairing C. is repaired D. is being repaired
9. I______________the way to the railway station by a policeman.
A. was shown B. showed C. have shown D. was showing
10. The war the old soldier remembers very well ______________in 1941.
A. broke out B. had been broken out
C. was broken out D. had broken out
11. When water______________, it will be changed into vapour.
A. is heated B. heating C. has heated D. heats
12. We can’t enter the room because its door______________, but you couldn’t lock it at
all before.
A. locked B. locks C. is locked D. is locking
13. They______________day and night, so they had no time to stay with their families.
A. are made work B. are made to work
C. made to be worked D. are making to work
14. Man-made satellites______________into space by many countries.
A. was sent up B. is sent up
C. have been sent up D. has been sent up
15. When ______ the People’s Republic of China_____ ?
A. was, found B. was, founded C. did, found D. does, found
16. A strange thing _____ in our school yesterday.
A. was happened B. has been happened C. happened D. was going to happen
17. He will stop showing off, if no notice _____ of him.
A. is taken B. will be taken C. takes D. has taken
18. - It is said that another new car factory _____ now.
- Yeah. It _____ one and a half years.
A. is building； is taken B. is being built； will take
C. is built； will take D. is being built； takes
19. I know Mr Brown；we _____ to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced B. have been introduced
C. were introduced D. had been introduced
20. - I ____ to a party, but I’ve got nothing to wear.
- Why don’t you have a dress made for the party?
A. was asked B. will ask C. have asked D. have been asked
21. - What do you think of this kind of TV set, which _____ in Shanghai?
- Well, I don’t care such things.
A. was made B. is made C. has been made D. had been made
22. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They ____ too long.
A. had been cooked B. were cooked C. had cooked D. cooked
23. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ____ the cloth ____ well.
A. have told； washes B. have been told； washes
C. was told； washed D. have been told； is washed
24. In some parts of the world, tea ____ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
25. The new dictionaries are very useful. They ____ well and _______ already.
A. sell, have been sold out B. sold, had sold out
C. sell, sell out D. are sold, have been sold out
26. The train ____ arrive at 11:30, but it was an hour late.
A. was about to B. was likely to C. was supposed to D. was proved to
27. The teacher told his students that they ____ to be useful men to the country.
A. were all expected B. were all expecting
C. all were expected D. all expected
28. -Why did you leave that position?
-I __________ a better position at IBM.
A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered
29. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which ______ placed
under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
30. The hero’s story _______ differently in the newspapers.
A．was reported B．was reporting C．reports D．reported
Ⅱ把下列句子改爲被動語態
1. I saw the boy run yesterday.
2. He told me that he would come back soon.
3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages.
4. Do you water your flowers every day?
5. The wind blew down the big tree last night.
6. I think that he is right.
7. He had not thrown the bad food.
8. Mother was not mending the trousers.
9. They would not take him to Beijing.
10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.
參考答案
Ⅰ單項選擇
1. A。句子是有關美語中的一個語法現象的，是經常性的狀態，且這個音節是人爲漏掉的，所以用一般
現在時的被動語態。
2. D。實驗（experiments）和動詞conduct（實施）是被動關係，而且是在“before the Second
World War”進行的，即“過去的過去”，所以選D。
3. D。give接雙賓語，“他”應被給一些建議，排除A、C；“他”聽從建議，是主動關係，所以選D。
4. A。句意：這個沿海地區去年被命名爲國家級野生動物保護區。
5. B。in the last three years 在過去三年裏，一般與現在完成時連用，“建築物”與“set up”是
動賓關係，所以用B。
6. A。by the end of last month 到上個月末爲止，一般要用過去完成時；“They”是“finish”的
執行者，所以選A。
7. A。take place 發生，不能用被動語態；“school”是“被開設（open）”的，而且現在已經有了
變化，要用現在完成時表示過去的動作對現在的結果，因此選A。
8. D。橋現在不能使用，應該是正在被修理。
9. A。警察給“我”指路，“我”與“指路”是被動關係。
10. A。break out 爆發，是不可數名詞，不用被動語態；過去某時發生的事，要用一般過去時。
11. A。“水”是人加熱的，所以是被動語態。
12. C。門是被鎖的，用被動語態。注意lock也有不及物動詞的用法，表示主語的特徵，不用被動語
態，如：The door won’t lock. 這個門鎖不上。
13. B。make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事，變成被動句後要把do前省略的to加上。They與動詞work是
主動的，因此要用不定式的主動式。
14. C。句意：許多國家都發射了人造衛星。根據句意應用現在完成時，衛星是被髮射的，因此用C。
15. B。found 動詞（原形），意爲“建立”，過去式、過去分詞是founded。
16. C。happen是不及物動詞，不用被動語態。
17. A。如主句用將來時，在時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中要用一般現在時表示將來。又因if 從句是被
動語態，是短語“take no notice of...（不注意）”中的notice（take的賓語）提前做了主
語，故選A。 句意：如果不注意他，他就不會賣弄了。
18. B。根據主語與build之間的被動關係和now， 可知要選現在進行時的被動語態；因工廠正在修建，
花費一年半應指將來。
19. C。在一個國際會議上“被介紹”顯然發生在過去。
20. D。由but 分句中的現在時和答語所提建議內容，可知應選現在完成時的被動語態。
21. B。這種電視產於上海是客觀事實，故用一般現在時。
22. A。cook發生在didn’ t taste very good 之前，且與主語之間有被動關係，故用過去完成時的被
動語態。
23．B。動詞wash, lock, sell, wear, write, read, open, shut, clean等動詞的主語是物，且又表
示主語的特徵或狀態時，要用主動形式表示被動意義。tell與I是被動關係，表示“別人告訴
我”。wash well 好洗。
24. B。茶是被“端上/提供”的，而且說的是一個事實，用一般現在時的被動語態。
25. A。第一空解析見23；sell out 賣光，與書是被動關係，從第一句的時態可知用現在完成時的被動
語態。
26. C。be supposed to 應該；be about to do 正要做，一般不與具體時間連用；be likely to do
可能做。
27. A。句意：老師告訴他的學生他們被期望成爲對國家有用的人。
28. D。offer sb. sth. 主動提供給某人某物；從問句時態可知答語中要用一般過去時。句意：-你爲
什麼離職呀？-IBM給了我一個更好的。
29. C。小盒子是在警察注意到之前放的，所以用過去完成時。句意：那個警察的注意力突然被吸引到
一個安放在部長汽車下面的一個小盒子上。
30. A。“story”應該“被報道”。
Ⅱ、把下列句子改爲被動語態
1. The boy was seen to run by me yesterday.
2. I was told that he would come back soon.
3. A lot of differences can be found by you between the two languages.
4. Are your flowers watered every day?
5. The big tree was blown down last night.
6. It is thought that he is right.
7. The bad food had not been thrown.
8. The trousers were not being mended by my mother.
9. He would not be taken to Beijing.
10. I was known by nobody in this town at that time.
