在英語中，主語和謂語的語序通常的主語在前，謂語在後。但有時爲了強調某一部分，或適應一定的語法結構的需要，而把謂語的全部或一部分提到主語的前面，這種情況叫“倒裝”(Inversion)。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和一般過去時
倒裝的分類
（一）、 全部倒裝--主語與謂語動詞倒裝
結構：謂語動詞+主語
Down fell the rain.
（二）、 部分倒裝--主語與助動詞/情態動詞/系動詞倒裝
結構：助動詞/情態動詞/系動詞+主語+謂語動詞
Never have I heard such a thing.
（三）、形式倒裝
形式上的倒裝在語法上稱爲前置。它的特點是，只把強調的內容提至句首，主謂並不倒裝。
結構：強調的內容+主語+謂語動詞
What an interesting talk they had!
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
（一）全部倒裝
1. There be 句型(be可換成 live, stand, lie, come, exist, seem, appear 等).
There are so many cars coming and going on the road.
There still exist some problems.
句型 There is no need to do…
There is no doubt that…
There is no knowing telling …
2. 在here, there, now, then, thus引導的句子裏, 要全部倒裝
Here comes your head teacher.
Here he comes.主語是人稱代詞不用倒裝
3.當in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back等副詞作狀語置於句首時，謂語常用動詞有come, go, rush, be, lie, run,等不及物動詞。
Up flew the bird.
Out rushed the students.
4.表地點的介詞狀語位於句首
Under the tree __ sits a beautiful girl, reading. ___
South of the city ___ lies a paper-making plant. ____
Eventually they arrived at a cave, in front of which __ stood a tree. __
5.表語提前
1)表語爲介詞短語
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
2)表語爲形容詞
Present at the meeting were Professor White and many other guests.
3)表語爲過去分詞
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
4)表語爲進行時態中的現在分詞
Lying on the floor was a boy.
Standing beside the desk was a teacher.
Growing along the road are some wild flowers.
6. Such 置於句首時，such和be連用作表語，也常用倒裝語序，如：
Such are the facts.
Such a great scientist is Yuan Longping.
此句型中的such 多被認爲是表語，所以such後的be動詞應與其後的“真正的主語”保持一致。如：
Such are the facts; no one can deny them.
（二）部分倒裝
把be/助動詞/情態動詞 提前到主語的前面
Is am are was were
do does did
can could would may will might 等
所修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句放在句首時, 要進行部分倒裝,如：
Only then did I realize the importance of learning English.
Only in this way can you hope to improve the situation there.
Only after he came back was I able to see him.
注：only修飾主語，仍用自然語序，如：
Only socialism can save China.
使用特點：
（1）在部分倒裝句中，如果謂語部分無助動詞，則須找助動詞來“幫助”它構成倒裝句。如：
（F) Only after the war learned he the sad news.
(T) Only after the war did he learn the sad news.
(2) only修飾狀語從句時，從句不可倒裝。如：
（F) Only when did he return did we find our the truth.
(T) Only when he returned did we find our the truth.
（3）Only 修飾主語時，句子不可倒裝。如：
（F) Only can he answer the question.
(T) Only he can answer the question.
2. 否定副詞 never ,nor, not, seldom, hardly, little, scarcely, rarely nowhere及表否定意義的介詞短語 by no means, at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, on no condition等置於句首時 。
如：
I have never seen such a beautiful place.
Never have I seen such a beautiful place.
Not a single mistake did he make= He didn’t make a single mistake
Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark
=I hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark.
3、六個重要的固定句型
（1）… so+be/助動詞/情態動詞+主語 “……也是如此”
They love having lots of friends; so do I
使用特點：
A. 此句型也可寫成“it is the same with….”, 或“so it is with….”.如：
They love having lots of friends; it is the same with those with disabilities/so it is with those with disabilities.
B.如果句意不是 “……也是如此 ”,而僅是對前面內容的肯定或附和（此時的so=indeed),那麼，句子不可使用倒裝。試比較：
a. I was afraid (句中的I指的是a)
b. So was I (I 指的是b, 此句意爲：I was afraid, too)
a. I was afraid （I指的是a)
b. So you were (you 指的也是a。此句意爲： Indeed you were afraid.)
(2) …neither (或nor)+ be/助動詞/情態動詞+主語，“…….也不這樣”
Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither (或nor）can Lucy.
使用特點：
A.此句型也可寫成“it is the same with…”，或“so it is with…”
Lily can’t ride; it is the same with Lucy/ so it is with Lucy.
B.此句型中的neither (或nor)不可用so… 替代，但可用not…either改寫。如：
（F) I have never been abroad. So hasn’t he
(T) I have never been abroad. Neither/ Nor has he.
(T) I have never been abroad. He has never/not been abroad, either.
（3）由...引導的表示程度的狀語從句，將其放於句首表示強調
So +adj./adv. …….“ 如此…..以至於…..”。
So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
使用特點：
在這個句型中，so 後面的句子要倒裝，而that引導的句子不倒裝。
（4）Neither…., nor….. “…..不…., …..也不…..”。
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
由於neither 和nor 都是否定詞，所以它們後面分句均需倒裝。
此類倒裝用於重複前句部分內容
前句是肯定句用SO 某人/某事也是
前句是否定句用neither ，nor 某人/某事也不是
倒裝句中的謂語應與前句的謂語時態形態一致
（5）Not only…., but also “不僅…..而且….”。
Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it .
此句型也可寫成Not only…but ….或Not only…… well的形式，但but (also)引導的句子必須用正常語序。
（6）Not until…. “直到…..才……”。
Not until he returned did we have supper.
使用特點：
A.這句話可以改寫成：We didn’t have supper until he returned. 再如：
Not until 4:00 in the morning can he fall asleep.
=He can’t fall asleep until 4:00 in the morning.
B.如果not until 引導的是句子，until從句的主謂不可倒裝，只是主句需要倒裝。
4、If 虛擬條件從句中. if省略時,had/ were/should等要與主語倒裝。從句有(were/should/had)
（1）If I were you, I would work hard.
Were I you, I would work hard.
（2) If it should rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting.
（3）If he had followed my advice, he would have succeeded.
Had he followed my advice, he would have succeeded.
If it were not for his teacher’s help, he would never graduate from this high school.
Were it not for his teacher’s help, he would never graduate from this high school.
注意：我們可以說Were it not...或者Had it not been..., 但不可以說Weren’ t it... 或者hadn’t it been...
5.在 hardly/scarcely/…when； no sooner…than; not only … but also；; such…that 的倒裝句中，前倒後不倒.
hardly/scarcely/ no sooner後句子的謂語用had done, when/than後句子的謂語用一般過去時
(1) Hardly / Scarcely had he fallen asleep when a loud knock at the door awaked him.
(2) No sooner had I reached the station than train moved.
(3) Not only is he interested in football but also he plays it well.
So hard does he work that he has made great progress in English.
6.在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then,等作狀語的頻度副詞位於句首時。
Often did I speak of him before.
Many a time has he helped me with my experiment.
(三）形式倒裝
形式上的倒裝在語法上稱爲前置。它的特點是，只把強調的內容提至句首，主謂並不倒裝。這樣的結構非常多，但有幾個重要的句型需要特別注意：
1、感嘆句
What an interesting talk they had!
How interesting their talk is !
使用特點：
對名詞（或中心詞是名詞）感嘆時，用what引導；對形容詞或副詞感嘆時，用how引導。
2、the more… more….句型
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
使用特點：
（1）此句型中的more代表的是形容詞或副詞的比較級，要靈活使用。
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
（2）此句型中的第一個the more 引導的部分相當於一個條件狀語從句；第二個the more引導的部分相當於一個主句。所以，上面例句的意思實質上就是： If you work harder, you will make greater progress.
3、whatever/however引導的讓步狀語從句
However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.
使用特點：
Whatever 後面常接名詞；用however時常構成以下形式：
However+形容詞/副詞+主語+…..
Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.
4、as, though引導讓步狀語從句時採用倒裝形式的情況
名詞形容詞副詞分詞+as hough+主語+其他
動詞原形+as/though+主語+情態動詞/助動詞
（1）表語的倒裝
Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work.
Strange as/ though it seems, it is true
Exhausted as/ though she was, she wasn’t able to sleep.
Child as he is, he has to make a living
注意：從句的表語是名詞，其名詞前不加任何冠詞
（2）謂語動詞的倒裝
Try as he might, he didn’t pass the exam.
Search as they would here and there, they could find nothing in the room.
（3) 狀語的倒裝
Much as he likes the bike, he doesn’t want to buy it .
Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them.
（4）分詞的倒裝
Surrounded though he was by the enemy, he was not afraid.
注意：如果是單數名詞或形容詞的最高級作表語，不再用冠詞。如：
Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best.
5、 祝願語
May you succeed!
May you be happy!
May peace return to the troubled land!
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
其他情況
直接引語的全部或一部分放在句首時，主句中的主謂也常直接倒裝。
“Very well,” said the French student.
“Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.” added the customer.
