Lesson 61
1. Beautiful day, isn’t it? = It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it ? 天氣真美呀! Pity we live so far from the sea. = It’s a pity that we live so far from the sea. 真遺憾我們住得離大海太遠了. Sounds like a good idea. = It / That sounds like a good idea. 聽起來是個好主意. Ellipsis: 省略句. 例如: Very cold, isn’t it? 天氣真冷呀! Fine day, isn’t it? 天氣真美呀! Blowing hard, isn’t it? 風颳得真大呀! Raining heavily, isn’t it? 雨下得真大呀!
2. I wish we could go to the seaside today. 但願今天能去海邊就好了. I wish (that) …表示 “願望” 的交際用語. 它表示很難實現的願望. 譯成 “但願….. 就好了.” (虛擬語氣) 表示現在不可能實現的願望, 賓語從句用一般過去時, be動詞用were; 表示過去不可能實現的願望, 賓語從句用過去完成時; 表示將來不可能實現的願望, 賓語從句用would / could / + 動詞原形; 例如: I wish I could fly to the moon. 但願我(現在)能飛上月球就好了. I wish I know the answer. 真希望我現在知道答案. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. 真希望我們早到兩個小時就好了.
3. We spent all our days on the beach. 那些天我們一直都在海灘上. beach, 平緩, 適合游泳的海灘, 河灘, (小); seaside, 適於游泳, 療養的海濱地區, (大); coast, 海岸線 (長, 遼闊) 例如: Children were running about on the beach. We are thinking of going to the seaside for the summer. 我們正在考慮去海濱地區避署. There are many islands off the northwest coast of Scotland . 蘇格蘭西北方的海中有許多島嶼.
4. We also played games on the sand. 我們還在沙灘上做遊戲. sand沙子, 沙粒 (不可數); 做 “沙地, 沙灘.” 講時多用sands. 例如: Children like to play on the sands. 孩子們喜歡在沙灘上玩.
5. Are you going to be a sailor when you leave school? 中學畢業後你打算當海員嗎? leave school = finish school = graduate from school. 畢業. 例如: He left / finished / graduated from school in 1973. 他一九七三年中學畢業.
6. I haven’t make up one’s mind yet. 我還沒有下定決心. make up one’s mind to do sth. 下決心幹某事. 例如: He has made up his mind to go to college. 他已經下決心一定要上大學. 認定; 例如: He has made up his mind that the boy should work harder. 他認定這孩子應該更加用功. Have you made up your mind what to do ? 你決定要做什麼了沒有?
7. bathe vi. 洗澡 Bath n. 洗澡 have a bath. 洗澡 Did you bathe yourself in the sea today? 你今天洗海水澡了嗎? I’ll have a hot bath and go to bed. 我先洗個澡然後睡覺.
8. Take a deep breath and I’ll time you 你深深地吸一口氣, 我來給你記時. have / take a deep breath. 深深地吸一口氣; take breath. 歇一歇; 喘口氣. 例如: The doctor asked me to take a deep breath. Half – way up the hill we stopped to take breath. 登山的途中, 我們停下來喘了口氣. hold one’s breath 屏住哦吸; time vt. 爲……記錄時間. 例如: To time a race is to see how long it takes. 賽跑計時就是要看看跑完全程要花多長時間. Time how long it take me to work out these 60 maths problems. 給我記時看看我做完這60道數學題要花多長時間. You’ve timed your holiday cleverly – the weather is at its best. 你真會選擇度假時間--正是天氣最好的時候. His remark was badly timed. 他說的話不合時宜.
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Lesson 62
1. Seen from space, the earth looks blue. 從太空上望去, 地球是藍色的. seen from space過去分詞短語做條件狀語 = If it is seen from space by you.
2. …two thirds of the earth surface is made up of vast oceans. 地球的三分之二是由廣闊的海洋構成的. make up form 編制, 構成, 組成 例如: All bodies are made up of atoms. 一切物質都由原子組成. There are 11 other minerals that make up the salt water of the oceans. 此外還有11種礦物質組成了海洋的鹽水. The coat and trousers made up a suit. 上衣和褲子組成了套裝. The boy made up a story, it is not true. 這個故事不是真的, 是那個男孩編造出來的. He had to make up the English exam. 他得補考英語. They hurried on to make up for the lost time. 他們加速以彌補失去的時間.
3. That is 3.5% by weight. 按重量計就是3.5%. by weight 按重量計算 by 按照 例如: These workers are paid by the day, but we are paid by the month. 這些工人按天發工資; 我們按月發放工資. The package is charged by weight. 包裹是按重量收費的.
4. The answer is that seaweeds produce various chemicals that help keep the sea water clean. 答案是海藻生產出各種各樣的化學物質, 這些化學物質有助於使海水保持清潔. various adj. 各種各樣的 various views 各種觀點, for various reasons 因種種原因, the people of various countries 各國人民; a variety of 各種, 種種; variety n. 變化, 種類 例如: The shopping centre sells a variety of goods. 購物中心賣各種各樣的商品. At school we learn a variety of things. 在學校裏我們學習各種各種的知識.
5. the Atlantic 大西洋. the Mediterranean 地中海. ***江, 河, 湖, 山等名詞前一般要用定冠詞the . 但做定語時, 不用定冠詞. 例如: Atlantic water 大西洋水
6. Coral are found in water with a depth of less than 60 meters. 珊瑚常可在水深不超過60米的水裏找到.
7. Water that is cloudy or dirty will kill the coral. 污濁的水會使珊瑚死亡. cloudy adj. 多雲的, 渾濁的, 模糊不清的. 例如: The oil looks cloudy. 這油看起來很渾濁. The speaker’s idea seems cloudy to me. 演講者的意思我聽起來似懂非懂的.
8. The minerials are partly supplied by hundreds of natural springs. 這些礦物質部分來自於衆多的流入死海的天然泉水. supply sb. with sth. = supply sth. to / for sb. 例如：They supplied him with food. = They supplied food to /for him. 他們給他提供食物. spring n. 春天, 泉水, 彈簧, 發條; v. 跳躍. 例如: The toy is worked by a spring. 那玩具用發條啓動. There used to be a spring here. 這兒過去有一個噴泉.
9. There is very little rain here, merely 60 mm in a year on average. 這兒雨水極少, 平均每年只有60毫米. merely only, 只不過, 僅僅.(做狀語) 例如: It is merely a matter of time. 這僅僅是時間問題. He said it merely as a joke. 他只不過把它當成笑料說說而已. on average 平均起來, 一般說來(狀語) 例如: On average she receives 3 letters every day. 她平均每天收到三封信. The age of the students in Senior II is 17 on average. 高中二年級的學生的平均年齡是十七歲. average 也可用着形容詞. 例如: The average temperature in Kuitun during August can reach 35℃. 奎屯八月份的平均溫度可達攝氏35度.
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Lesson 63
1. Fish can live in these temperatures only because their blood contains a particular chemical. 魚之所以能夠在這樣的溫度中生存, 只是因爲他們的血液中含有一種特殊的化學物質. particular 與 special 這兩個詞都可表示 “特別的”; “特殊的”. particular 強調 sth 有與衆不同的獨特之處; special 口語化的用詞, 表示爲了某一特殊目的而專門怎麼樣. 請對比: There is a particular comedy which I have decided to do. 我已決定要導演一部特別的喜劇. There is a special grammar programme for explaining difficult grammar points. 有一個專門講解語法難點的特別語法節目.
2. In these oceans live huge numbers of a small fish just 5 cm long. 在這些海洋中生活着大羣大羣的身長只有5釐米的小魚. huge number of a small fish 大羣大羣的小魚 huge 巨大的(超常地大); big 大(規模, 範圍, 面積); large 大(體積, 容積, 數量). 請比較: a huge elephant 一頭大象 This hall is very large. 這個禮堂很大.
3. These fish provide the main food for whales. 這些小魚成了鯨魚的主要食物. provide vt. = supply 供給, 提供. 句式有二: 1). provide sth for sb. = supply sth for sb. 2). provide sb. with sth. = supply sb. with sth. 例如: He also persuaded other people to provide money or give help. 他還動員其他人或者出錢, 或者給予幫助. His parents provide him with everything. 他的父母親供給他的一切開支費用.
4. A whale may eat a ton of them at a time, and may enjoy four meals a day. 一頭鯨魚一次就可以吞食一噸這樣的小魚, 一天可能要吃四餐. at a time 每次; 一次. 例如: Don’t pass me all the books at once, one at a time. 不要把書一次性全遞給我, 每次遞一本. The worker carries two bags of rice at a time. 那位工人每次搬運兩袋大米.
5. It can grow to a length of 15 meters. 它可以長到15米長. a length of 15 meters 十五米長; 注意下列形容詞與名詞的轉換: long length; (長度) strong strength; (強度) deep depth; (深度) high height; (高度) wide width. (寬度)
6. When it dives, its heart slows to half its normal speed. 當它潛水時, 它的心跳速度就能減慢到正常心跳的一半. slow vt. go slower 使……緩慢下來; 例如: His illness slowed him at school. 他的病情使他的學習進展緩慢下來. The icy road slowed our progress. 結冰的路面使我們前進的速度減慢了. 形容詞轉化爲動詞. cool 使…涼快/冷卻; dry 使…乾燥; warm 使…溫暖; calm 使…平靜下來; The tea is too hot to drink. Let it cool a little. 茶太燙, 讓它涼一涼. Please warm the dishes. 請把這些菜端去熱一熱.
7. The sperm whale therefore has to look for the squid using sound waves. 因而, 巨頭鯨就只好利用聲波來尋找魷魚. therefore 因而 最正式的用語, 用在句首時常有逗號與後面內容分開; so 是口語化的用詞. 請比較: Therefore, if the tobacco companies want to remain in business, they have to encourage more young people to start smoking. 因而, 如果菸草公司想要繼續營業的話, 他們就得鼓勵更多的年輕人開始吸菸. The day was fine and so we set out . using sound waves現在分詞短語做方式狀語, 相當於by the way of using sound waves 再如: They crossed the river using small boats. 他們用小船渡過了河. They had to work slowly using old type loughs. 他們只好用老式犁慢慢地犁地.
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Lesson 64
1. What body changes occur when the sperm whale dives? 當巨頭鯨下潛時會發生什麼身體變化? occur vi. (表示預料, 按計劃)發生; 存在; 生存. (與to 聯用) 想起; 想到. 例如: The accident occurred at 5 o’clock p.m. 那件事故出在下午5點鐘. Such plants don’t occur here. 這樣的植物這兒不生長. An idea occurred to me. 我想到了一個主意. happen 普通用詞. 表示具體事情發生, 可與occur 通用, 但常帶有偶然性.
2. Squids take in water and then force it out of holes in their bodies in order to move in the opposite direction. direction n方向; 趨向; 方面; 動向; 指南; 說明書; 操作說明; (信件包裹的) 姓名地址. 例如: Tom went off in one direction and Harry in another. 湯姆朝一個方向走, 而亨利朝另一個方向走了. The signpost(路標) points in a west direction. 路標指向西方. This is the present direction of government thinking. 這就是當今政府考慮問題的取向. The parcel was returned to the sender because the directions were incorrect. 包裹因姓名地址有誤而退回寄件人.
3. One type of thin narrow fish lays its eggs in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. 一種瘦小體窄的魚在大西洋中央產卵. lay vt. 放; 置; 擺放; 產卵/下(蛋). 例句: Lay it on the table. 把它擱在桌子上吧. Please lay the table. 請擺放好桌子. The hen laid three eggs yesterday. 那隻老母雞昨天下了三隻蛋.
4. Ellipsis: 爲了避免重複, 使句子簡潔, 句中某些成分往往加以省略, 特別是在口語中, 這種情況更爲常見. 一般有以下規律:
1). 詞語意思很明顯, 常予以省略. 例如:
(I) Thank you. I’m fifteen (years old). It’s just twelve (o’clock).
2). 前後句中重複出現的詞, 可省略後面的. 例如:
The sun shines in the daytime, and the moon (shines) at night.
3). 定語從句中的關係代詞如做賓語, 可以省略. 例如:
Do you know the person (whom) Mr. Smith is speaking to?
4). 關係代詞why所說明的先行詞the reason常常省略. 例如:
This is (the reason) why she didn’t pass the English examination.
5). 祈使句中的主語you應予省略. 例如: (You) Get up at once.
6). 賓語從句中的連詞that常可以省略.
7). 狀語從句中的主語如與主句主語相同或者從句主語是it/they, 且從句的助動詞是be,
則從句中的主語和助動詞可同時省略. 例如: Though (he is) young, he was much
experience. He wrote this novel while (he was) in the country.
8). 所有格名詞或人接house, shop, office等詞, 這些詞可以省略. 例如:
I am now staying at my uncle’s (house). I got it at the watch-maker’s (shop).
9). 表示身份, 職務的名詞作表語或同位語, 省略冠詞, 例如:
He is (the) mayor of the city.
10). 可用動詞不定式符號代替重複的動詞不定式或短語. 例如:
He didn’t come to see us though he had promised to (come to see us).
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